BENDULA ANIL KUMAR

A computer is an electronic machine that stores and process data and information and give result in the form of output. It consists of some components which help to manage the storage of data and information and process properly. These components make the working of a computer faster and smoother.

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Input Unit

Input devices are hardware devices that are used to enter data and information in the computer system. Users can instruct and give commands to the computer system with the help of input devices. This data or information can be in text form, images, or numbers. It converts them into digital format.

Here are commonly used input devices:

Keyboard: In the computer keyboard is a primary input device. It helps users to communicate with the computer system. By pressing the keys of the keyboard user can type numbers, instructions, etc. Mainly it is used for typing documents, sending emails, and helping to interact with the computer.

Mouse: It controls the cursor on the screen of the computer system or any other electronic device. It is an input device and plays an important role in computer systems. Generally, it is used for choosing options or scrolling pages.

Touchscreen: It allows users to enter commands and information by touching the screen with their fingers. The Touchscreen system is also available in smartphones and tablets. Ex. ATM machine.

Some other input devices are listed below:

• Joystick
• Light Pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet

Output Unit

It includes output devices that show results in the form of hardcopy or soft copy after processing the command or instructions. When we give a command through the input unit, the result we get after processing is the output. There are many output devices such as printers, speakers, monitors, etc.

Monitor: The monitor is an output device that is also known as the visual display unit (VDU). It shows a softcopy after processing the commands. It looks like television. It is an essential output device for computer systems.

Printer: The printer is a Hardware computer device. It is an output device that converts softcopy into hardcopy or we can say used to print anything on paper.

Speaker: The speaker is also an output device that is used to listen to sound by connecting to the computer.

There are several other output devices but we have covered only popular ones.

Central Processing Unit

CPU is the brain of a computer that performs all the operations. Its work is to fetch instructions and data from memory and perform operations according to that. CPU consists of mainly three parts that are explained below.

Control Unit

The control unit is one of the main components of the central processing unit. CU directs the operation of the processor. It controls the flow of information. It works by receiving the input instruction after that it converts them into signals and sends them to the processor.

Memory Unit

Memory unit allows the data and information to be stored in the computer system, making it accessible to the software. Generally, it is used for storage work.

Arithmetic and Logical Unit

The arithmetic logic unit is part of the central processing unit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. It can also perform bitwise operations on binary numbers. The arithmetic logic unit consists of two parts, one is AU (arithmetic unit) and the second is LU (Logical unit). ALU can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The result of the division operation can be in a floating point unit.

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Barbara was born on November 7, 1939, in Los Angeles, California. She has done great work in the field of programming languages. In 2008, she received the prestigious Turing Award in computer science. She is the second woman to receive the Turing Award. The Liskov Substitution Principle, developed by her, states the basic nature of data abstraction and is used in type theory and object-oriented programming.

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Name	Barbara Jane Huberman Liskov
Birth Date	November 7, 1939
Birth Place	Los Angeles, California
Field of Work	Programming Languages, Computer Science
Education	Bachelor’s degree in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley; Ph.D. from Stanford University
Notable Positions	NEC Professor of Software Science and Engineering, Ford Professor of Engineering, MIT Institute Professor
Key Contributions	Liskov Substitution Principle, Venus Operating System
Notable Awards	Discover Magazine’s 50 Most Important Women in Science, IEEE John von Neumann Medal (2004), A.M. Turing Award (2008)

Early Life

Barbara Jane Huberman was born on November 7, 1939, in Los Angeles, California. She comes from a Jewish family. She was the daughter of Jane and Moses Huberman. She was the eldest among her siblings. In 1961, she completed her Mathematics degree at California University, Berkeley. She had only one female classmate in her class at Berkeley. At Berkeley and Princeton, she applied to graduate mathematics programs, but Princeton was not accepting female students in mathematics at that time. As a result, she was accepted at Berkeley. Around the same time, she began working at the Mitre Corporation for one year and later started working as a programming language translator at Harvard.

She decided to return to school and applied to Berkeley, Stanford, and Harvard. She became one of the first women in the US to be awarded a Ph.D. at Stanford University in March 1968. She worked with John McCarthy at Stanford and was involved in artificial intelligence research.

Career

After graduation, she returned to the Mitre Corporation to work as a research staff. She has led many projects, including the Venus operating system. She worked as an NEC Professor of Software Science and Engineering (1986-97), a Ford Professor of Engineering in 1997, and an MIT Institute Professor in 2008. In 2009, she served on the inaugural Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize.

Awards

Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science. Liskov won the IEEE John von Neumann Medal for fundamental contributions to programming languages in 2004. She received the most prestigious award in computer science, the A.M. Turing Award, in 2008.

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Nikalus Emil Wirth was born on 15 February 1934 in Winterthur, Switzerland. He is a Swiss computer scientist. In the year 1984, he was honored with the Turing Award, the highest honor in computer science for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages like EULER, MODULA, ALGOL-W, and Pascal.

Birth	15 February 1934
Birthplace	Winterthur, Switzerland
Education	B.S., MSc, and Ph.D.
Awards	Turing Award, Marcel Benoist Prize
Field	Computer Science
Known For	Modula, Oberon System, Oberon-07, Pascal, ALGOL W, Oberon, Euler, Modula-2, Oberon-2

Education & Career

He completed his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in electronic engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1959. And he earned a master’s degree in electronic engineering from Laval University, Canada in 1960 and a Ph.D. in computer science in 1963 from the University of California, Berkeley. He worked as an assistant professor of computer science at Stanford University from 1963 to 1967. In the year 1968, he became a professor at ETH Zurich taking two 1-year sabbaticals at Xerox PARC. He worked at ETH Zurich till his retirement in 1999.

He was associated with developing international standards in programming and informatics as a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) on algorithm language and calculi which support the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68.

He was made a fellow of the Computer history museum in the year 2004.

Programming Languages

Wirth was involved in designing the programming languages Euler (1965), Oberon, Oberon-2, Oberon-07, Modula, Modula-2, Pascal, Algol W, and PL360. He was the chief designer at that time. He was also part of designing operating systems Medos-2, Oberon, and Lola. For the development of these languages, he received Turing Award the highest honor in computer science in the year 1994.

Publications

1. He wrote the book ‘The Pascal User Manual and Report’ with Kathleen Jansen.
2. Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs was written by him in 1975 that got a lot of popularity. The first edition consists of examples written in Pascal. Later its new editions were published with examples of Oberon and Modula-2.

Wirth’s law states that software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster.

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In this article, I will show you the working way to download and install Turbo C++ for Mac Intel as well as M1 chip system.

Turbo C++ was a popular compiler developed by Borland. Although it’s a really old compiler still lots of people use it to do programming in C and C++. It’s easily available for the Windows platform but for Mac we have to go through various steps to make it run.

How to Install Turbo C++ on Mac?

Turbo C++ was not originally made for Mac, so for running it on Mac os we need two things one is DosBox and another is the C++ compiler itself. Let’s have a look at how to install them on Mac.

1. Download DosBox latest version from https://www.dosbox.com/download.php?main=1

2. Download TC.zip file from this link https://www.mediafire.com/file/wvyrdi2x7adyqih/TC.zip/file

3. Extract the TC.zip file and move the TC folder to the Desktop.

4. Now open DosBox and run the following command one by one. See the below image for reference.

mount c ~
c:
cd desktop/tc/bin
tc

5. This will open the Turb C++ compiler. For full screen use Option+Enter key.

6. You have to repeat step 4 every time you want to run the compiler.

Note: In case your mouse does not work in the full screen mode use fn+F10 key to go to the options menu in Turbo C++.

I hope this guide will help you to run Turbo C++ on your Mac system. For any queries ask in the comments.

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The Django team has recently announced about Django 4.2 release as a long-term support (LTS) version that will receive data loss and security fixes for the upcoming 3 years.

New Features

According to the official news, Django 4.2 includes various new features, including:

• Support for psycopg version 3
• Ability to add comments on columns and tables
• Support for asynchronous streaming responses and async interfaces for related managers and models.

LTS Support

As an LTS release, Django 4.2 will receive fixes for crashing bugs, major functionality bugs, and regressions from older versions of Django for the next eight months until December 2023.

End of Support for Django 4.1 and 4.0

After the release of the new version, Django 4.1 will not get mainstream support. Users of this version are advised to upgrade to Django 4.2 to receive security fixes. However, Django 4.1 will continue to receive data loss and security fixes till Dec 2023.

It’s also important to note that the extended support for Django 4.0 has ended. Users of this version are advised to update to the 4.1 version or later.

Where to Download Django 4.2

Users can download Django 4.2 from their downloads page on the Django website or from the Python Package Index.

Future Release Schedule

The Django team has provided a supported versions table and future release schedules on their downloads page, which can be accessed to find more information.

Overall, the release of Django 4.2 is an exciting development for users of the popular web framework, providing new features and long-term support for the next three years. As always, users are encouraged to upgrade to the latest version to ensure they receive the latest security and bug fixes.

Source: https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2023/apr/03/django-42-released/

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